Rabies in a postpandemic world: resilient reservoirs, redoubtable riposte, recurrent roadblocks, and resolute recidivism Rupprecht, C.E., Mshelbwala, P.P., Reeves, R.G., Kuzmin, I.V. 2023 Animal Diseases, 3(1), art. no. 15.
Rabies
129
Total Reported Outbreaks
36
Total Affected
Countries
6
Total Affected
Species
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle, sheep and pigs.
SHARE
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
FMD is endemic in various parts of the world, whilst others are FMD-free (e.g. Europe and North America) or working towards eradication (e.g. South America). Find out where the latest reported outbreaks are with this map.
KEY FACTS
Disease Classification
FMD is caused by a virus (Family Picornaviridae) which frequently mutates and is grouped in 7 different and distinct serotypes1– O, A, C, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3. These serotypes are not distributed evenly around the world, for instance the SAT serotypes rarely spread outside of Africa (SAT stands for Southern African Territories). In addition, serotype C has not been identified anywhere since 2004. 1Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and future, SM Jamal, GJ Belsham, 2013, Vet Res 44, 116
Transmission
The FMD virus is highly contagious, and animals usually become infected by inhaling the virus from the air or ingesting it with their food. There are differences between species in terms of the likely route of infection and the amount of virus needed to cause infection. For example, cattle are more likely to be infected by inhalation whereas pigs are more likely to be infected by ingestion. (Adapted from EuFMD Emergency Preparedness e-learning Course)
Vaccine
Vaccination is an important tool in the control of FMD. As the FMD virus is constantly evolving it is almost impossible to have a vaccine strain that has been developed from a current outbreak (it normally takes 6-18 months to develop new strains). Whilst infection with one serotype does not provide immunity against another serotype, by understanding the topotype and lineage of the outbreak it is possible to select a vaccine strain that is closely related and therefore much more likely to provide protection. This is further enhanced by choosing high potency vaccines, over 6PD50, as these generally provide better cross-protection. High quality vaccines should always be used.
Clinical Signs
FMD is a very painful disease that causes blisters and sores on feet, in the mouth and on teats. Other clinical signs include fever, depression, anorexia, lower milk production, salivation, lameness and abortion. There are differences in clinical signs between affected species.
FMD is very painful and causes salivation and loss of appetite. Photo Dr Shaun Morris
Classical signs of disease include blisters and sores on feet, in the mouth and on teats. Photo by Eufmd.
Lesions change in appearance over time which enables lesion aging to determine disease timelines. Photo by Eufmd.
Treatment
As a viral disease, there is no specific and effective treatment for FMD-infected animals. Control and prevention methods, such as biosecurity, vaccination and movement restrictions are important.
Management
Biosecurity is critical in the control and prevention of FMD. This is because the FMD virus is very contagious, which is because it is very persistent in the environment, only requires small amounts to infect animals, and is produced in large amounts by those that become infected. Prompt reporting of possible outbreaks and animal movement restrictions are also important in stopping the spread of FMD.
FOCUS ON…
Focus On… Tracking the movement of livestock – developing strategic interventions for infectious disease control in East Africa
Latest Articles and Events
All
- GFRA 2023 Scientific Meeting in Kampala, Uganda
The 2023 Scientific Meeting of the Global Foot and Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA) will take place from 8th – 10th November in Kampala, Uganda! - 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress
06 Mar 2023 to 10 Mar 2023. Organized by the the Spanish Association for Sheep and Goat Production (SEOC). the 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress (ISVC) will take place in 2023… - Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” from Pasteur Network
08 Nov 2022 to 07 Nov 2023. Pasteur Network MOOC Rabies is now OPEN! The Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” held by Pasteur Network to explain the… - EuFMD Open Session OS22 in Marseille, France
26 Oct 2022 to 28 Oct 2022/ “Digitalization and innovation applied to the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth and and similar transboundary animal diseases (FAST) – Open Session…
Articles
- Innovating at EuFMD OS22 – Back Together to Combat FMD and Similar Transboundary Animal Diseases
After so long since the last in-person event, it was wonderful to be able to attend the 2022 edition of the EUFMD (European commission for the control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease) Open Session (OS22). - Biosecurity Lessons from ‘Navigating Avian Influenza: from Prevention to Recovery’ Webinar
High pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has affected more than 45 million birds and over 500 flocks this year in the United States alone. And unlike the 2015 HPAI Outbreak, cases this year have continued throughout the summer… - Through the Lens of a Hero – Understanding Essentials of Rabies Elimination
A lot of hard work goes into combatting rabies, but what is needed to achieve its elimination? Today on One Health Day, we dive into the reality of tackling this disease, seen through the eyes of Rabies Heroes in distant corners of the world…. India, Peru, Tanzania.. - Times up for rabies! Join the #Rabies360Challenge this September!
Do you want to help save human and animal lives? Join the #Rabies360Challenge this September to raise awareness of rabies elimination. The purpose of the challenge is to instill a change that will make a difference in the Global South, where people…
Events
- GFRA 2023 Scientific Meeting in Kampala, UgandaThe 2023 Scientific Meeting of the Global Foot and Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA) will take place from 8th – 10th November in Kampala, Uganda!
- 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress06 Mar 2023 to 10 Mar 2023. Organized by the the Spanish Association for Sheep and Goat Production (SEOC). the 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress (ISVC) will take place in 2023…
- Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” from Pasteur Network08 Nov 2022 to 07 Nov 2023. Pasteur Network MOOC Rabies is now OPEN! The Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” held by Pasteur Network to explain the…
- EuFMD Open Session OS22 in Marseille, France26 Oct 2022 to 28 Oct 2022/ “Digitalization and innovation applied to the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth and and similar transboundary animal diseases (FAST) – Open Session…
Knowledge Hub
Innovating at EuFMD OS22
After so long since the last in-person event, it was wonderful to be able to…
Guide – Australia’s DAFF and CSIRO…
A field guide for veterinarians providing information on emergenc
International Symposium of..
My name is Rachel Herschman and I have been an intern on the..
Website – IVVN – International..
The IVVN is an international community of over 1,600 members working togeth…
Boosting disease control with…
Disease control is about a lot more than simply the right vaccine. Building…
Focus On… African Swine Fever (ASF)…
African swine fever (ASF) is present in more than 50 countries on five continent…
Exploring New Frontiers in Anim...
I’m a final year DPhil student studying at The Pirbright Institute and the..
Website – IVVN – International..
Latest Scientific Papers
Comparison of vaccination schedules for foot-and-mouth disease among cattle and sheep in Mongolia Ulziibat, G., Raizman, E., Lkhagvasuren, A., (…), Ludi, A.B., Lyons, N.A. 2023 Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, art. no. 990043.
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Surveillance of avian influenza viruses from 2014 to 2018 in South Korea Españo, E., Shim, S.-M., Song, E.-J., (…), Kim, S.-H., Kim, J.-K. 2023 Scientific Reports, 13(1), art. no. 8410.
Avian Influenza (AI)
No items to show.
Loading…
Risk factors associated with rabies incidence in rabies endemic areas in West Kalimantan Saepudin, M., Pranaka, R.N., Umboh, H.H., Wardoyo, S. 2022 GERMS, 12(4), pp. 472-477.
Rabies
Antibody prevalence to avian influenza virus subtypes H5, H7 and H9 in falcons, captive and wild birds, United Arab Emirates, 2003–2006 Jöstl, N., Weidinger, P., Lussy, H., (…), Li, X., Nowotny, N. 2023 Veterinary Medicine and Science.
Avian Influenza (AI)
Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on dog ownership and rabies vaccination in Metropolitan Lima Corrales, M.-G., León, D., Falcón, N. 2023 Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru, 34(2), art. no. e25103.
Rabies
No items to show.
Loading…
Subscribe to our free newsletter and stay up to date with all news and events.