Rabies in a postpandemic world: resilient reservoirs, redoubtable riposte, recurrent roadblocks, and resolute recidivism Rupprecht, C.E., Mshelbwala, P.P., Reeves, R.G., Kuzmin, I.V. 2023 Animal Diseases, 3(1), art. no. 15.
Rabies
102
Total Reported Outbreaks
25
Total Affected
Countries
2
Total Affected
Species
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an OIE-listed notifiable disease caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). It affects cattle and water buffalo, damaging animal health and causing significant production and trade losses.
SHARE
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD)
LSD has been spreading into different regions and countries in recent years and continues to move. Find out where the latest reported outbreaks are with this map.
KEY FACTS
Disease Classification
LSDV is a type of Pox virus classified in the genus (or group) Capripoxvirus. It is closely related to Sheeppox virus and Goatpox virus, however it is very species specific so LSDV only causes disease in cattle and water buffalo. It is therefore essential that disease control focusses on cattle.
Transmission
LSD is mainly transmitted indirectly with the help of insects (‘vectors’), including mosquitoes, which pick up the virus when they bite an infected animal and then spread it to uninfected animals. Such vector-borne diseases are likely to continue spreading because these insects increase in numbers in warm weather which means that global warming could have a huge impact.
Vaccine
Vaccination is the most effective means of controlling LSD in endemic regions (Tuppurainen et al (2014) Antiviral Research 109: 1-6) as well as being the most effective measure for countries previously free of LSD (EFSA 2017). Whilst there are different types of vaccines available, the homologous (LSDV-based) vaccines containing the Neethling strain have been proven in wide-scale mass vaccination programmes (EFSA 2018). A high quality vaccine should always be used.
Clinical Signs
As the disease name suggests, affected animals typically develop skin nodules or lumps, which can occur all over the body and vary in size. Other clinical signs include fever, general malaise, ocular and nasal discharge, and sudden decrease in milk production. As these are non-specific, outbreaks of LSD may not be detected quickly enabling it to spread further. Morbidity and mortality may vary between 10-20% and 1-5% respectively (OIE Technical Card, July 2017), and the severity of disease in those affected varies from mild to fatal. LSD outbreaks have a huge impact on the farming industry because they lead to significant production losses. They also cause serious damage to trade because of major restrictions for the export of live cattle, milk and meat products, skins and hides.
Affected animals typically develop skin nodules, which can appear on various parts of the body
Skin lumps can persist in recovering animals, and lesions may lead to scarring
Lesions may not be limited to the skin, and may be accompanied by non-specific signs, e.g. milk drop
Treatment
LSD is caused by a virus which means that there is no specific treatment. Control of LSD must focus on prevention, including vaccination.
Management
In the event of outbreaks in disease-free countries then slaughter of infected and in-contact animals plus movement restrictions may be considered. However, this relies on detecting the disease very early and putting such controls in place very quickly. As this is expensive and may not be practically achievable, vaccination with a good quality vaccine is recommended.
FOCUS ON…
Focus On… Life as a Vet in Research – Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
Almost 15 years ago, when I graduated as a veterinary surgeon, I never envisioned that I would be researching within infectious diseases… I was going to be a large animal…
Latest Articles and Events
All
- GFRA 2023 Scientific Meeting in Kampala, Uganda
The 2023 Scientific Meeting of the Global Foot and Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA) will take place from 8th – 10th November in Kampala, Uganda! - 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress
06 Mar 2023 to 10 Mar 2023. Organized by the the Spanish Association for Sheep and Goat Production (SEOC). the 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress (ISVC) will take place in 2023… - Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” from Pasteur Network
08 Nov 2022 to 07 Nov 2023. Pasteur Network MOOC Rabies is now OPEN! The Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” held by Pasteur Network to explain the… - EuFMD Open Session OS22 in Marseille, France
26 Oct 2022 to 28 Oct 2022/ “Digitalization and innovation applied to the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth and and similar transboundary animal diseases (FAST) – Open Session…
Articles
- Innovating at EuFMD OS22 – Back Together to Combat FMD and Similar Transboundary Animal Diseases
After so long since the last in-person event, it was wonderful to be able to attend the 2022 edition of the EUFMD (European commission for the control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease) Open Session (OS22). - Biosecurity Lessons from ‘Navigating Avian Influenza: from Prevention to Recovery’ Webinar
High pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has affected more than 45 million birds and over 500 flocks this year in the United States alone. And unlike the 2015 HPAI Outbreak, cases this year have continued throughout the summer… - Through the Lens of a Hero – Understanding Essentials of Rabies Elimination
A lot of hard work goes into combatting rabies, but what is needed to achieve its elimination? Today on One Health Day, we dive into the reality of tackling this disease, seen through the eyes of Rabies Heroes in distant corners of the world…. India, Peru, Tanzania.. - Times up for rabies! Join the #Rabies360Challenge this September!
Do you want to help save human and animal lives? Join the #Rabies360Challenge this September to raise awareness of rabies elimination. The purpose of the challenge is to instill a change that will make a difference in the Global South, where people…
Events
- GFRA 2023 Scientific Meeting in Kampala, UgandaThe 2023 Scientific Meeting of the Global Foot and Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA) will take place from 8th – 10th November in Kampala, Uganda!
- 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress06 Mar 2023 to 10 Mar 2023. Organized by the the Spanish Association for Sheep and Goat Production (SEOC). the 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress (ISVC) will take place in 2023…
- Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” from Pasteur Network08 Nov 2022 to 07 Nov 2023. Pasteur Network MOOC Rabies is now OPEN! The Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” held by Pasteur Network to explain the…
- EuFMD Open Session OS22 in Marseille, France26 Oct 2022 to 28 Oct 2022/ “Digitalization and innovation applied to the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth and and similar transboundary animal diseases (FAST) – Open Session…
Knowledge Hub
Innovating at EuFMD OS22
After so long since the last in-person event, it was wonderful to be able to…
Guide – Australia’s DAFF and CSIRO…
A field guide for veterinarians providing information on emergenc
International Symposium of..
My name is Rachel Herschman and I have been an intern on the..
Website – IVVN – International..
The IVVN is an international community of over 1,600 members working togeth…
Boosting disease control with…
Disease control is about a lot more than simply the right vaccine. Building…
Focus On… African Swine Fever (ASF)…
African swine fever (ASF) is present in more than 50 countries on five continent…
Exploring New Frontiers in Anim...
I’m a final year DPhil student studying at The Pirbright Institute and the..
Website – IVVN – International..
Latest Scientific Papers
Comparison of vaccination schedules for foot-and-mouth disease among cattle and sheep in Mongolia Ulziibat, G., Raizman, E., Lkhagvasuren, A., (…), Ludi, A.B., Lyons, N.A. 2023 Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, art. no. 990043.
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Surveillance of avian influenza viruses from 2014 to 2018 in South Korea Españo, E., Shim, S.-M., Song, E.-J., (…), Kim, S.-H., Kim, J.-K. 2023 Scientific Reports, 13(1), art. no. 8410.
Avian Influenza (AI)
No items to show.
Loading…
Risk factors associated with rabies incidence in rabies endemic areas in West Kalimantan Saepudin, M., Pranaka, R.N., Umboh, H.H., Wardoyo, S. 2022 GERMS, 12(4), pp. 472-477.
Rabies
Antibody prevalence to avian influenza virus subtypes H5, H7 and H9 in falcons, captive and wild birds, United Arab Emirates, 2003–2006 Jöstl, N., Weidinger, P., Lussy, H., (…), Li, X., Nowotny, N. 2023 Veterinary Medicine and Science.
Avian Influenza (AI)
Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on dog ownership and rabies vaccination in Metropolitan Lima Corrales, M.-G., León, D., Falcón, N. 2023 Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru, 34(2), art. no. e25103.
Rabies
No items to show.
Loading…
Subscribe to our free newsletter and stay up to date with all news and events.